Идва ли краят на анклавите
от имигранти на Стария континент
ПАСЕ се връща към
предложение на Лъчезар Тошев за радикална
промяна на европейския обществен модел
Силвия Стефанова
В.Лечител, 20, 21 май
2015г.
http://www.lechitel.bg/newspaper.php?s=8&b=488
1. Големите
въпроси
Застрашени ли са
европейските ценности от притока на
имигранти, които изповядват исляма?
Има
ли начин застаряваща и християнска
Европа да заживее в хармония с пришълците
от другите части на света, без да бъде
използвана (единствено) като резервоар
за социални помощи?
Кога един имигрант
става европеец? Когато стъпи на континента,
когато получи политическо убежище,
когато си намери работа и дом и вземе
гражданство… Или когато той и децата
му научат езика на приелата ги страна,
опознаят нейната култура и история и с
уважение я предадат на своите потомци?
А
може би е важно и ние, кореняците на
майката Европа, да престанем да виждаме
в преселниците от Африка, Азия, от Близкия
и от Далечния изток натрапници и втора
категория хора, напъплили като скакалци
по благоденствието, стандарта и трудовия
ни пазар.
Всеки човек иска да
живее добре и е достойно да се бори за
това. Освен правото на живот, вода,
въздух, храна и подслон право на човешката
душа е да има мечти. И ако Европа се е
превърнала в мечта за много хора по
света, трябва ли това да поражда
самозатваряне, омраза, противопоставяне
и страх сред европейците?
Различието
не означава непременно варварство.
Страхливото премълчаване на проблемите
обаче не е благородство, нито решение.
Уравнението на хармонията, каквото е
съвместното съжителство между хора от
различни етноси, религиозни и социални
общности, винаги има две страни. Важно
е кой от коя страна застава, с кого иска
да се срещне, с какъв багаж от предразсъдъци
или разбиране му протяга ръка. Или я
вдига, за да го удари.
Няма среща без
опознаване. Там, където хармонията
липсва, има дефицит на справедливост и
мир.
Затова естествен е
въпросът - вярно ли е, че сблъсъкът между
религиите е исторически заложен и че
хората, изповядващи исляма, християнството,
будизма и юдаизма, не могат да живеят
заедно и в мир?
Не искам да приема това
за вярно. Надявам се страната ни да
продължи да бъде позитивният пример,
който, освен че опровергава мрачните
прогнози, е извор на идеи и решения.
Но
тогава следващият въпрос е - нормално
ли е противопоставянето между религиите,
или то умишлено се подклажда от крайни
групировки чрез терористични актове и
провокативно сквернословие?
Има
опасност, ако не бъдат предприети така
необходимите институционални мерки,
пролятата кръв и тлеещата омраза да
предизвикат верижни конфликти, нови
етнически сблъсъци и дори опустошителна
война.
Гласът на мира е глас на
далновидната мъдрост. Негови инструменти
са законодателните и политическите
решения, които предлагат правила, взаимни
компромиси (а какво е компромисът, ако
не съобразяване с част от аргументите
на другия) и перспективи там, където
неразбирането, инерцията, страхът и
конфронтацията раждат само
насилие.
Отредено ни е да живеем заедно
и вместо да бягаме от тази истина, е
по-разумно да я осмислим. За да я облечем
в цивилизован регламент и развиващи се
международни норми. Защото, както е
казал един от най-значимите римски
историци, политикът Гай Салустий Крисп
още в I в. преди Христа, всеки е ковач на
своето щастие и докато при съгласие
малките дела растат, при несъгласие
великите дела се разрушават. “Concordia
parvae res crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur.”
2. Миграция и
демография на исляма
Според изследване на
американския Pew Research Center,
оповестено през януари 2011 г., през
следващите 20 години делът на
мюсюлманското население в Европа ще
нарасне с почти 1/3 - от 6% през 2010 г. на
8% през 2030 г. Или казано по друг начин -
от 44,1 млн. души през 2010 г. през 2030 г.
мюсюлманите на Стария континент ще
бъдат 58,2 милиона.
Предимно заради
продължителната миграция най-голямо
увеличение се очаква в Западна и Северна
Европа. Във Великобритания например
мюсюлманите ще достигнат 8,2% от цялото
население срещу 4,6% към момента на
проучването. В Австрия от 5,7% ще станат
9,3%. В Швеция кривата е по-стръмна - от
4,9% към 9,9% през 2030 г. В Белгия прогнозата
е за 10,2%, а във Франция - за 10,3% срещу
съответно 6% и 7,5% към момента на допитването.
Очакванията са през 2030 г. мюсюлманите
да бъдат над 10% от цялото население в 10
европейски държави: Косово (93,5%), Албания
(83,2%), Босна и Херцеговина (42,7%), Македония
(40,3%), Черна гора (21,5%), България (15,7%), Русия
(14,4%), Грузия (11,5%), Франция (10,3%) и Белгия
(10,2%). Както днес, така и през 2030 г. в
абсолютни числа Русия ще продължи да
има най-многобройното мюсюлманско
население в Европа.
Ето и още факти.
Само през 2010 г. Франция е приела 66
000 имигранти мюсюлмани предимно от
Северна Африка. Те се равняват на 68,5% от
общия имиграционен поток към тази
държава. Същата година Испания дава
убежище на 70 000 мюсюлмани, те са 13,1% от
имигрантската вълна, която я залива. В
посочената година 28,1%, или близо 64 000
души от имигрантите във Великобритания
се кланят на Аллаха и Неговия Пророк.
Според
доклада на Pew Research Center страните от
Близкия изток и Северна Африка, в които
има високи имиграционни нагласи спрямо
Европа, продължават да лидират по процент
мюсюлмани сред своето население. В
анализа се сочи, че през 2030 г. от 20 държави
и територии в тези райони всички освен
Израел ще имат не по-малко от 50% мюсюлмани.
В 17 от тях се очаква мюсюлманите да бъдат
над 75% от цялото население. Изключенията
са Израел, Ливан и Судан, но
предвижданията са към 2030 г. 23,2% от
израелското население да изповядва
исляма срещу 17,7% през 2010 и 14,1% през 1990 г.
През 2030 г. се очаква Ирак да стане
втората по численост (след Египет) на
мюсюлманското си население държава в
региона. Причината е в по-високата
раждаемост, отколкото в Алжир и Мароко.
Определението за мюсюлмани в доклада
е гъвкаво. Но целта е да се обхванат
всички индивиди и общности, които се
самоопределят като изповядващи тази
религия.
3. Религиозна карта на
света
Нов доклад на Pew Center,
излязъл на 2 април т.г., огласява първото
по рода си изключително мащабно изследване
за развитието и разпространението на
религиите до 2050 г. в световен мащаб.
Според него религиозният профил на
света се променя бързо. Това се дължи
главно на различията в раждаемостта и
размера на младежките групи от населението
сред големите световни религии, както
и на хората, които променят вероизповеданията
си. През следващите четири десетилетия
християните ще останат най-голямата
религиозна група, но ислямът ще расте
по-бързо от всяка друга основна религия.
Ако сегашните тенденции се запазят, до
2050 г. броят на мюсюлманите почти ще се
изравни с броя на християните по
света.
Атеистите, агностиците и хората,
които не са приобщени към никаква религия
– независимо от отчетения ръст в САЩ и
Франция, - ще намалеят като дял спрямо
общия брой на населението в световен
мащаб.
Глобално будисткото население
ще бъде приблизително със същата
численост както през 2010 г., докато
индуистките и еврейските общности ще
бъдат по-големи, отколкото са днес.
В
Европа мюсюлманите ще съставляват 10%
от цялото население.
Индия ще запази
хинду мнозинството си, но ще надмине
Индонезия по броя на мюсюлманите..
В
САЩ християните ще намалеят от над 3/4
от населението през 2010 г. до 2/3 през 2050
г., а юдаизмът вероятно вече няма да бъде
най-голямата извънхристиянска религия,
отстъпвайки на исляма. Четири от всеки
10 християни в света ще живеят в Субсахарска
Африка. Очакванията са динамичният
растеж на исляма и християнството да
се случи именно тук. От друга страна,
голяма част от населението, декларирало
религиозна обвързаност, днес е
концентрирано в местата с ниска раждаемост
и застаряващо население като Европа,
САЩ, Китай и Япония.
Специално за Стария
континент тенденциите изглеждат
така:
Въпреки че християнската популация
ще остане най-многобройна, до 2050 г. тя
ще намалее със 100 млн. души – от 553 млн.
до 454 милиона. Християните ще продължат
да са най-голямата религиозна група, но
вместо 3/4 ще обхващат 2/3 от населението.
През 2050 г. близо една четвърт от
европейците, или 23%, няма да имат религиозна
принадлежност, а мюсюлманите ще
представляват 10% от популацията срещу
5,9% през 2010 година. За същия период броят
на индуистите в Европа вероятно ще се
удвои от почти 1,4 милиона (0,2% от населението)
на близо 2,7 милиона души (0,4%) предимно
заради притока на имигранти. Будистите
също ще отбележат бърз ръст – предвижда
се броят им в Европа да нарасне от 1,4
млн. на 2,5 милиона. Според проучването
през 2050 г. 56,2% от населението в Македония
ще изповядва исляма. За сравнение през
2010 г. 59,3% са били християните.
През
2050 г. мюсюлманите ще съставляват над
50% от хората в 51 държави. Очаква се в
Нигерия и Македония мнозинството да е
мюсюлманско, но същевременно Нигерия
ще продължи да има една от трите най-големи
християнски популации в света след САЩ
и Бразилия.
През 2050 г. най-големите
групи във Франция, Нова Зеландия и
Холандия ще бъдат религиозно необвързаните
лица.
Посочените прогнози почиват
на демографски данни за развитието на
човешките ресурси в държавите и
континентите от целия свят. Те показват,
че в световен мащаб мюсюлманите имат
най-висок коефициент на плодовитост -
средно 3,1 деца, родени от една жена. Той
е доста над прага за възпроизводство
на поколението (от 2,1), необходим, за да
се поддържа стабилна популация.
Християните са на второ място по
раждаемост, средно с 2,7 деца на една
жена. Хиндуисткият коефициент на
плодовитост (2,4) се доближава до средния
в световен мащаб (2,5). Възпроизводството
при евреите - 2,3 деца на една жена - също
е над прага за запазване на популацията.
Казаното дотук очертава условията,
в които Европа ще трябва да търси и
реализира един нов модел в отношението
си към другия. Бил той бежанец, имигрант
първо и второ поколение, незаконно
пребиваващ, сезонен работник, чуждестранен
студент и т.н.
Картината няма да бъде
пълна без врящото гърне от терористични
актове, които подкопаха вярата в
намирането на трайни политически решения
и непрекъснато дават храна за крайния
национализъм.
4. Когато се пролива
кръв
След масовия разстрел
на журналисти от списанието “Шарли
Ебдо” в Париж Франс прес публикува
статистика за най-жестоките атентати,
извършени в страната през последните
40 години. Фактите показват, че ислямски
тероризъм е имало и преди, и след падането
на Берлинската стена. И преди, и след
разпадането на блоковото разделение
на света.
Агенцията припомня, че на
11 и 15 март 2012 г. 23-годишният Мохамед Мера
застрелва трима военни на улицата в
Тулуза и Монтобан, а на 19 март убива три
деца и един преподавател в еврейския
колеж в Тулуза.
На 3 декември 1996 г. при
бомбен атентат в метростанцията Порт
Роаял в Париж са убити четирима души,
91 са ранените.
На 25 юли 1995 г. при
експлозията на бомба във вагон на метрото
на станция Сен Мишел в Париж загиват 8
души, а 119 са ранени. Атентатът е приписан
на алжирските ислямистки екстремисти
и е сред най-смъртоносните. Същото лято
във Франция има девет терористични
нападения, в които жертвите са осем, а
над 200 са ранените.
На 17 септември
1986 г. при бомбен атентат пред магазина
„Тати” в Париж са убити 7 души, а 55 са
ранени. Атентатът е част от серията
терористични актове – 15 на брой (три от
тях осуетени), - извършени през 1985 и 1986
г. от проиранската терористична мрежа
на Фуад Али Салех. В тях убитите са 13, а
ранените са 303.
На 31 декември 1983 г. двама
души са убити и 34 са ранени на гара Сен
Шарл в Марсилия при експлозията на
бомба. Минути преди това с друга експлозия
във влак по линията Марсилия - Париж са
убити трима души, а други трима са ранени.
Сред поелите отговорност за двата
атентата е „Организацията за арабска
въоръжена борба”.
Прекалено мъчително
е изброяването на целия списък от
терористични зверства. Въпреки това не
могат да бъдат пропуснати нападенията,
с които в най-новата ни история тежко
бяха засегнати Испания и Великобритания.
На
11 март 2004 г. мощни взривове избухват в
четири влака в Мадрид. Загиват 192 души,
близо 1800 са ранените. Сред убитите има
четирима български граждани. Отговорност
за атентата поема терористичната
мрежа „Ал Кайда”.
На 7 юли 2005 г. при
четири бомбени атентата в Лондон са
убити 52 души, над 700 са тежко пострадали.
Взривовете задействат четирима
терористи камикадзе.
Разтърсено от
жестокостта на атентатите, общественото
мнение в Европа и САЩ за пореден път се
изправи пред ужаса на едно насилие, за
което няма рационално обяснение.
5.
Три гледни точки
В излязлата през
2004 г. книга “Силата на разума” известната
журналистка Ориана Фалачи, независимо
от предизвикалите полемика тези и дори
съдебен процес и обвинения в ксенофобия
срещу нея, написва:
”Западът изгуби
страстта си и трябва да си я възвърне.
Да възвърне силата на страстта си. Бог
знае, че това е истина, защото, за да
живееш, трябва да имаш страст. Да откажеш
да се предадеш, да откажеш да се покориш
и подчиниш, значи, че живееш със страст.
Но Европа се предаде, покори се, страхливо
размаха бялото знаме на раболепието и
примирението. А това е самоубийство.
Стигнахме дотам, че днес за нас е по-важно
да оцелеем, отколкото да живеем.
Оцеляването има нужда от страст, но
повече се нуждае от разум. Ето защо този
път не призовавам за ярост и гордост.
Дори не призовавам да си възвърнем
страстта. Призовавам да си възвърнем
разума”.
По същото време отвъд Океана
един друг анализатор, Уолтър Лакьор,
водещ член на вашингтонския Център за
стратегически и международни изследвания,
също надига глас. В “Терорът, който
идва” (2004 г.) той търси връзката между
радикализирането на младите мюсюлмани
и нерешените социални проблеми на тези
общества, за да стигне в изводите си
отвъд обясняването им с бедността и
липсата на житейска перспектива. Според
Лакьор “бедността, комбинирана с масова
безработица сред младите хора, действително
създава онзи подходящ социален и
психологически климат, в който процъфтяват
ислямизмът и различни други популистки
и религиозни секти, което пък на свой
ред осигурява терен за използващите
насилие (в рамките на един или друг
вътрешен конфликт) групи“.
Позовавайки
се на редица прогнози, анализаторът
предупреждава, че броят на младите
безработни в арабския свят и Северна
Африка може да стигне 50 милиона през
следващите двайсет години. Ситуация,
която според него ще предизвика
нестабилност, мощен ръст на демографския
натиск към Европа, а в политически план
- растящо недоволство срещу
управляващите в мюсюлманските държави
– аятоласите в Иран или умерените режими
в Египет, Йордания и Мароко.
От
дистанцията на времето виждаме, че тези
прогнози се сбъдват. Само че Лакьор не
спира дотук, а продължава да задава
въпроси, без обаче в крайна сметка да
намира истинския политически отговор.
В “Терорът, който идва” четем:
“Кои
всъщност са истинските причини за
изостаналостта и стагнацията в тази
част на света? И защо държавите, постигнали
най-значителен икономически прогрес –
като Китай и Индия, Южна Корея и Тайван,
Малайзия и Турция, – съумяха да го
направят без масирана чуждестранна
помощ?
Всичко казано по-горе действително
сочи наличието на дълбока депресия и
нарастваща опасност, но липсва пряка
връзка между икономическата ситуация
в т.нар. Трети свят и международния
тероризъм.
От друга страна, едва ли
фанатизмът, типичен за днешните
мюсюлмански радикали, ще се разгаря
вечно.
Религиозният или националистически
фанатизъм се характеризира с различни
степени на интензивност през различните
периоди. В Египет например наричат този
феномен “изчерпването на салафизма”,
свързвайки го с постепенното улягане
на радикално настроените млади хора и
отслабването на първоначалния фанатичен
натиск.
Подобно на други движения в
историята, месианските групировки
стават жертва на постепенното рутиниране
на дейността им, на смяната на поколенията
и на политическата ситуация, както и на
внезапни или постепенни промени в
интензивността на изповядвания от тях
религиозен фанатизъм. Като това може
да бъде както резултат от победите, така
и от пораженията им.
Така че някой ден
“умиротворяването” на войнствения
ислямизъм действително може да стане
възможно – но не и днес, в периода на
растящата му агресивност, когато
фанатичната вяра на ислямистите в
глобалната победа все още не е
пречупена”.
Различен поглед върху
болезнената тема предлага и един от
значимите интелектуалци на нашето
време, философът, литературовед и
семиотик Цветан Тодоров, който от 1963 г.
живее във Франция. През 2008 г. в Париж
излиза книгата му “La peur des barbares: au-delа du
choc des civilisations”. Една година по-късно
“Страхът от варварите” се появява и
на българския книжен пазар благодарение
на издателство “Изток-Запад”.
Освен
със задълбочения исторически преглед
на схващанията за “варварството” този
труд привлича вниманието с опита да се
рационализират страховете на европейците
и с усилието да се потърсят онези
психологически и културни механизми,
които биха могли да възстановят
комуникацията между европейците с
техните ценности и общностите, които
изповядват исляма.
За да бъде ефикасен,
диалогът трябва да отговаря на две
изисквания, пише в книгата си Цветан
Тодоров.
От една страна, според учения
той трябва да отчита различието на
събеседниците и да не предпоставя, че
единият от тях олицетворява нормата, а
другият се отклонява от нея, изостава
или проявява недобросъвестност. От
друга - диалогът няма да доведе до нищо,
ако участниците в него не приемат една
обща формална рамка на дискусията, ако
не постигнат съгласие относно естеството
на използваните аргументи и възможността
да търсят заедно истината и справедливостта,
подчертава той.
В същото време философът
предупреждава, че “диалогът между хора
от различни страни и с различни култури
не протича в някакъв вакуум”. Не е
възможно, пише той, да се заличат
вековете история, които го предхождат
и през които „страхуващите се страни”
са господствали над „страните, изпитващи
неприязън”.
Това обаче, изтъква
Тодоров, в никакъв случай не означава,
че западните страни трябва да се откажат
от принципите, които са определили за
основополагащи в техния обществен
живот. “За да бъдат третирани другите
справедливо, суверенитетът на народа,
свободата на индивида, утвърждаването
на равни права за всички, признаването
на плурализма на човешките общества
трябва да се утвърждават, а не да се
изоставят. За сметка на това трябва да
се изостави ограничената представа за
другите, която се налага, ако не изцяло,
то най-малкото преобладава в медиите и
в официалното говорене.”
Според
писателя тази ограничена представа се
проявява в три отношения. Първото от
тях е, че близо едномилиардното
мюсюлманското население в света се
свежда до исляма, сякаш мюсюлманите, за
разлика от останалите човешки общности,
правят всичко в живота си само от
религиозни съображения.
Второто
ограничение според Тодоров е, че ислямът
се свежда до ислямизма и до политическата
програма на няколкото войнстващи днес
групировки.
Третото ограничение,
разсъждава философът, е, че ислямизмът
се свежда до тероризма, въпреки че той
възприема най-различни пътища на
политическо действие, някои от които
не престъпват действащите закони.
Изходът
според писателя е не мюсюлманите да
бъдат капсулирани в своята религиозна
идентичност, а напротив, да бъдат зачитани
наравно с останалите членове на общността.
Защото, твърди авторът на “Страхът от
варварите”:
“Разделянето и затварянето
на културите или на общностите стои
по-близо до варварщината, докато взаимното
им признаване е цивилизационен напредък”.
Добре известно е, че интелектуалецът
има дарбата да улавя и дори да предвижда
тенденциите, но неговата сила спира
дотук. За да се случи промяната, са нужни
хора от света на политиката. Личности
с потенциала да задвижват международните
институции чрез умението си да формулират
по убедителен начин своите идеи, да
създават коалиции от съмишленици и да
не се отказват дори когато в очите на
песимистите усилията им изглеждат
обречени. Такива политици сякаш по
предначертание свише печелят
парламентарните битки и творят една
различна история на бъдещето. Прави го
и един български политик.
Името му е
Лъчезар Тошев.
6. ПАСЕ: След
терористичните атаки в Париж
накъде?
Асамблеята обсъжда
връщане към идея на Лъчезар Тошев, приета
през 2011 г.
След терористичните
атаки в Париж в самото начало на 2015 г.,
на 28 януари т.г. Парламентарната Асамблея
на Съвета на Европа (ПАСЕ) провежда
спешен дебат и приема препоръка към
правителствата в Европа, озаглавена:
Заедно за демократичен отговор! Важните
решения, които се вземат, са засенчени
от новината за лишаването на руската
делегация от правото на глас и от другите
санкции срещу нея и за съжаление остават
встрани от общественото внимание.
Както
в дебатите, така и в приетия документ,
наред с препоръчаните мерки срещу
тероризма е засегнат и въпросът за
причината за неговата поява.
|
Жозет Дюрио, Сенатор |
Френската
сенаторка
Жозет Дюрийо (от Групата
на социалистите) и ръководителят
на делегацията на Мароко
Мохамед
Ятим, чийто парламент е със статут
“Партньор за демокрация” в ПАСЕ, както
и други депутати поставят въпроса за
интеркултурния подход и възможността
да живеем заедно в XXI век, в една
мултикултурна общност.
Централният
проблем, дебатиран в Европа през
2011г.
Този въпрос е централният
дебат в Европа, проведен в ПАСЕ през
2011 г., а докладчик е българският депутат
Лъчезар Тошев. У нас по темата не се
написва нито ред. Вероятно за да не научи
някой, че Европа дебатира по доклада на
един български политик и че неговият
проект за решение е одобрен от ПАСЕ с
мнозинство от две трети.
Нали ние не
почитаме своите приживе!
Моделът
„мулти-култи“ и неговият провал
Този
модел предоставя на новодошлите в Европа
лица от други държави (главно гастарбайтери
с различна култура) права и възможности
и ги оставя те сами да решават как да се
възползват от тях. С течение на времето
се оказва, че на много места, вместо да
оползотворят предоставените им шансове,
тези групи формират паралелни общества
с различна ценностна система, не се
интегрират в социума и по този начин
полека-лека се превръщат в рисков
контингент. Такива паралелни общества
се оформят сред турците в Германия,
арабите във Франция и сред различни
етнически групи в Обединеното кралство.
Проблемът, макар и в по-малка степен, е
валиден и за останалите европейски
страни.
В края на 2010 г. трима лидери
на ЕС – Дейвид Камерън, премиер на
Великобритания, Никола Саркози, президент
на Франция, и Ангела Меркел, канцлер на
Германия - с почти еднакви думи обявяват,
че мултикултурализмът в Европа се е
провалил. Това предизвиква реакцията
на Съвета на Европа.
Генералният секретар
Тьорбьор Ягланд възлага на група от
видни бивши държавници начело с Йошка
Фишер да изготвят доклад за правителствата
на 47-те страни - членки на организацията.
Фишер е един от създателите на модела
„мулти-култи“ и съвсем логично неговата
група от видни личности не успява да
предложи нова идея. ПАСЕ трябва също да
даде своята гледна точка по този въпрос.
Затова през април е избран докладчик.
За такъв ПАСЕ определя Лъчезар Тошев от ЕНП,
избран от Комисията със значително мнозинство в
конкуренция с Андреас Грос - шеф на
социалистите в ПАСЕ, подкрепен и от групите
на комунисти, на консерватори и тази на
либералите (16 гласа за Тошев, 12- за Грос и 2 бели бюлетини при тайно гласуване) .
Тошев внася предложение за
промяна на обществения модел в Европа
по този въпрос, което очаквано предизвиква
бурни разисквания, състояли се на 22 юни
2011 г.
Предложение за
промяна
Докладът „Тошев“
предлага „мулти-култи“ моделът да се
замени с интеркултурен подход към
новодошлите под надслова “Живеем
заедно”.
След като става Решение на
Парламентарната асамблея, новата визия
трябва да се има предвид в работата на
политическите лидери, неправителствените
организации, синдикатите, младежките
сдружения, представителите на различните
деноминации, медиите и т.н.
В заключителния
документ по разискванията ПАСЕ заявява
своята готовност да подкрепи необходимите
промени, така че всеки в европейското
общество да се възползва пълноценно от
тях.
Европа е мултикултурна и европейските
народи са доказали способността си да
живеят заедно и да конструират своето
общо бъдеще.
Въпреки че мултикултурализмът
преживява нарастващи трудности на
национално ниво в отделните държави,
Парламентарната асамблея остава убедена,
че асимилацията не е решение, се казва
в доклада. Отговорът на тези трудности
е в интеркултурния подход, който има
два аспекта. Първо би трябвало да се
въведат изисквания към идващите законно
(!) в друга държава граждани, които ще
работят и ще живеят там. Тяхната
идентичност (култура, език и вяра) ще
бъде запазена, но те ще трябва да знаят
езика и историята на държавата, в която
отиват.
Да познават ценностите, традициите
и принципите на приемащото ги общество.
Да разбират културата на страната и да
признават демокрацията, правовата
държава и спазването на правата на
човека, включително правата на жените,
като своя ценност. Твърде важно е
изграждането на култура за спазване на
закона като част от европейската култура,
изтъква в доклада си Лъчезар Тошев.
Както е казал някога Хораций в древния
Рим:
„Напразни са законите, ако няма
нрави!“.
Обществото се формира от
гражданството, което от своя страна
създава свободата и чак тогава държавата
фиксира обществените отношения в закони,
заявява в речта си при откриването на
дебатите в ПАСЕ Лъчезар Тошев. От друга
страна, приемащото общество също има
отговорности спрямо тези, които идват.
То също трябва да се запознае с културата,
историята и обичаите на новодошлите,
за да не се допусне изолиране или
самоизолиране на тези групи и формирането
на паралелни общности с различна
ценностна система. Целта е да се създаде
разбиране и от двете страни на това
взаимодействие, че различията са нормални
и обогатяващи. Това е повече от
толерантност, аргументира се българският
политик.
През 1999 г. по инициатива на
стария емигрант и първи български
посланик в Страсбург д-р Светлозар Раев
Комитетът на министрите приема Декларация
и Програма за обучение в демократично
гражданство, основано на правата и
отговорностите на гражданите. Тази
инициатива довежда до създаването на
Европейската харта за обучение в
демократично гражданство и в права на
човека. На базата на тези рамкови
документи в учебните програми, в дейността
на медиите, общините, неправителствените
организации, църквите и пр. би следвало
да се включат конкретни дейности за
постигането на тази цел, е позицията на
Лъчезар Тошев.
Интеркултурният подход
е активно взаимодействие между две
културно различни групи в обществото,
така че да се изгради най-добрият модел
за тяхното мирно съжителство. Той не
може да се налага като социално
инженерство, а трябва да се постига чрез
диалог и разбиране.
Визирайки борбата
срещу екстремизма и идеята за инициирането
на интеркултурен диалог, ПАСЕ отправя
препоръки и към Комитета на министрите.
Като приоритети са предложени:
По-активното включване на чужденци
в обществения живот на местно
ниво;
Лансирането на широка кампания
за популяризиране на “Живеем
заедно”;
Поощряване на гражданите да
изучават и опознават културата на
имигрантите;
Взимане на спешни мерки
за изпълнението на препоръката на
Асамблеята “Да преборим бедността” и
др.
Дебатите
По това предложение
за радикална промяна на обществения
модел в ПАСЕ има остри дебати. Социалисти,
комунисти и част от либералите се
противопоставят, защитавайки досегашния
„мулти-култи“ модел. Същата позиция
заемат и турските депутати, и тези от
Азербайджан... Разбираемо! Християндемократите,
консерваторите и друга част от либералите
подкрепят идеята на Тошев. Думата взима
и Генералният секретар на Съвета на
Европа – норвежецът Тьорбьорн Ягланд,
който заявява, че този въпрос е сърцевината
на европейския модел, и призовава
докладът и съдържащата се в него
проектопрепоръка до правителствата да
бъдат приети. За да се приеме такава
препоръка обаче, правилникът изисква
мнозинство при гласуването от 2/3 от
гласовете, което в случая е трудно
постижимо. След целодневните дебати в
края на деня препоръката е приета дори
с повече от необходимите гласове.
И след това...
Правителствата на
Европа отговарят на Асамблеята, но от
това кой знае какво развитие до този
момент няма. Може би защото сред
европейските кабинети все още се срещат
политици с ляво мислене, които робуват
на стария модел.
След терористичните
атаки в Париж въпросът за интеркултурния
подход пак става актуален! В новия
документ, гласуван от ПАСЕ, той се
поставя отново с конкретни препоръки.
Изисква се да се осигурят и необходимите
условия и средства за въвеждането на
модела „Живеем заедно!“.
В България,
разбира се, всичко това ще дойде като
европейска политика. Кой у нас се
интересува от въпросите, които поставя
Лъчезар Тошев - от интеркултурния подход,
от създаването на български форум за
бъдещето, предложението за създаване
на Пакт за стабилност за Югоизточен
Кавказ и пр.
Слаба утеха е, че Центърът
за европейски изследвания на името на
Вилфрид Мартенс отдавна е оценил
иновативното мислене на този български
политик, който остава неразбран от
повечето си колеги в родината. ( Линк към страницата на мрежата за европейски идеи към ЕНП:
http://www.europeanideasnetwork.com/living-together-21st-century-europe )
“Лъчезар
Тошев е скромен човек, дори когато свърши
нещо, което обръща поведението на една
европейска институция и следователно
на всичките участващи страни в нея, той
прави това скромно, така че някой може
и да не е забелязал”, казва за него
бившият премиер и лидер на СДС
Филип
Димитров при представянето на книгата
“Историята на един документ”, проследяваща
инициираната от Тошев и приета от ПАСЕ
Резолюция за осъждането на престъпленията
на комунистическите режими в Европа.
Но
нека отново се върнем към интеркултурния
подход и Решението на ПАСЕ от 2011 г., които
са сред безспорните български приноси
в развитието на международните
отношения.
За разлика от София, на
следващата сесия на Парламентарната
асамблея на Съвета на Европа британският
премиер Камерън идва, за да обясни
позицията си и да отговори на критиките.
Публични изявления прави и премиерът
(тогава), а сега президент на Турция
Ердоган...
У нас, изглежда, се смята,
че чрез политиката на откриване на будки
за дюнери тези проблеми ще изчезнат от
само себе си.
БЕЛЕЖКА НА
РЕДАКЦИЯТА
Вестник “Лечител” публикува
за първи път в България предложението
на Лъчезар Тошев за радикална промяна
на европейския обществен модел,
представено и обсъждано на дебати в
ПАСЕ още през 2011 г.
Поради особената
актуалност на проблема и настоящата
тревожна ситуация в Европа отделяме
шест страници, посветени на темата.
ИЗВАДКИ ОТ
СТЕНОГРАМАТА НА ДЕБАТИТЕ, ПАСЕ,
22 юни
2011 г.
В разискванията взеха
участие 40 оратори от различни страни и
политически групи
Докладчик:
Лъчезар Тошев
Почитаеми
дами и господа,
Още с първите стъпки
към обединението на Европа отците
основатели се обединиха около виждането,
че това ще бъде мултинационален и
мултикултурен съюз, основан на общи
ценности. Европейският мултикултурен
модел, така както е бил приеман по онова
време, е повече от простото събиране на
различни идентичности. Той включваше
националните различия и особености в
общата воля за споделено бъдеще, за общи
действия и за основаване на наднационални
общи органи със справедливо представителство
– модел, интегриращ различията, без да
ги премахва. Трите основни стълба на
тази Обединена Европа са демокрацията,
върховенството на закона и защитата на
човешките права. Въпреки това казаното
не е достатъчно, за да се опише съвременният
европейски модел, който включва също
някои конкретни решения, идващи от
историята и културата на всяка страна
членка, обединени в общата воля за
бъдеще. Ние също трябва да си припомним,
че на историческия конгрес в Хага през
1948 г. бяха оставени символично няколко
празни места, запазени за бъдещите
страни членки от Централна и Източна
Европа, които по онова време не бяха в
състояние да присъстват на това
изключително събитие. Тези отсъстващи
страни по това време страдаха от
комунистически диктатури и попаднаха
от другата страна на вече издигащата
се “желязна завеса”. След 1989 г. и
разрушаването на Берлинската стена
тези страни бяха приети в Съвета на
Европа, а много от тях - и в Европейския
съюз и така заеха местата, които бяха
запазени за тях в европейското семейство.
Промените, които се случиха след 1989 г.,
засегнаха не само страните от Централна
и Източна Европа, но в значителна степен
се отразиха и предизвикаха промени в
западноевропейските държави. Сплотяването
и адаптирането на Обединена Европа
продължава и сега. Бидейки наясно с
различните култури, ние мислехме, че
мултикултурният европейски модел е
добре установена, безспорна и общоприета
система, която силно защитавахме. Само
преди няколко месеца обаче политическите
лидери на Германия, Обединеното кралство
и Франция с почти еднакви думи поставиха
на съмнение успеха на мултикултурализма.
(…)
Главният въпрос днес е “Ако
мултикултурният модел не работи добре
в някои европейски страни, какво е
решението?”. Асимилацията очевидно не
е възможно решение - ние всички сме
съгласни с това. Някои хора смятат, че
ако приемем необходимите закони и
осигурим възможности, това ще реши
всички проблеми. Очевидно това не е
достатъчно. Не са законите, които създават
обществото. Обществото първо се създава
от гражданството, което на свой ред
създава свободата и едва тогава е ред
на държавата да закрепи това в закони.
Култивирането на спазването на закона
е част от европейската култура, но и
другите елементи са важни. Quid leges sine
moribus vanae proficiunt! “Напразни са законите,
ако няма нрави”, е написал Хораций преди
повече от 2000 години и това и сега е
валидно.
(…)
Ако законите и условията
не са достатъчни за истинска интеграция
на новодошлите и на другите маргинализирани
групи, какво трябва да се направи?
Групите, които не могат да се интегрират
успешно в обществото, имат нужда от
нашата активна подкрепа, за да се
възползват от възможностите, които са
им предоставени. В това взаимодействие
те също трябва да бъдат активни участници.
Те не са обект, а субект! От хората, идващи
законно да живеят в една страна, не се
очаква да изоставят елементите на своята
идентичност - вяра, език и култура. Но
от тях се очаква да демонстрират желание
да се интегрират в обществото на новата
си страна - не само чрез научаване на
езика, но и с придобиване на познание
и разбиране за местната култура, и да
спазват демокрацията, човешките права
– в т.ч. правата на жените, и да приемат
върховенството на закона. От своя страна
обществото, от което произлизат, не
трябва да ги остракира (изолира), ако те
пожелаят да сменят вярата си или културата
си. Ние трябва да изградим културни
мостове, окуражавайки европейските
граждани да се запознават с културата,
езика, традициите и историята на
новопристигналите и да се отнасят с
уважение към тях. Това активно
взаимодействие ние наричаме интеркултурен
подход. Той включва в активно взаимодействие
културно различни групи с цел да намерят
най-добрия модел, за да могат да живеят
заедно. Подчертавам, че предлаганите
мерки не биха могли да бъдат постигнати
чрез глобален подход на социално
инженерство. Това категорично би било
неприемливо! Целта, която сме си поставили,
може да бъде постигната само чрез диалог,
разбиране и общо съгласие.
(…)
Подчертавам, че в днешните дебати
няма място за конфронтация или използване
на процедурни похвати, за да се провали
решението, а само за искрен принос по
тези толкова важни проблеми. Искрено
вярвам, че ще можем да намерим обща
позиция по отношение на тези въпроси.
Като докладчик на Комисията по политически
въпроси, поканих всичките четири комисии,
които оценяваха моя доклад, да допринесат
чрез предоставяне на своите идеи още в
началния етап на изготвянето на документа.
Благодарен съм на всички тях, че успяхме
да намерим широко съгласие по текста
на проекта за препоръка (до правителствата
на страните членки - б.р.).
Линкове към всички документи и стенограмите на сайта на ПАСЕ по темата (на английски език) :
Living
together in 21-st Century
Verbatim
Records of the debates:
22
June 2011, 10 am, item 2 of the Agenda:
continuation
– last item of the afternoon Agenda:
22
June 2011, 3 p.m. , item 5 of the Agenda
ПЪЛНИЯТ ТЕКСТ НА ДОКЛАДА С ПРОЕКТА ЗА ПРЕПОРЪКА КЪМ КОМИТЕТА НА МИНИСТРИТЕ
Living together in 21st-century
Europe: follow-up to the report of the Group of Eminent Persons of
the Council of Europe
Report | Doc. 12631 | 06 June 2011
Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy
Rapporteur :
Mr
Latchezar TOSHEV, Bulgaria, EPP/CD
Origin - Reference to committee: Reference 3752 of 11 March 2011.
2011 - Third part-session
Summary
The Political Affairs Committee welcomes as most timely the report
of the Group of Eminent Persons on “Living together – Combining
diversity and freedom in 21st-century Europe” and their proposals
as a basis for further reflection on Europe’s future, against the
backdrop of the Organisation’s ongoing reform process. It notes
that on several issues the Group’s findings corroborate positions
already taken by the Assembly. The challenge has been, and still is,
to ensure implementation.
The present report suggests that the Parliamentary Assembly is
ready and willing to contribute to the changes which are needed to
ensure greater cohesion in European societies, so that everyone may
fully benefit from living together. It therefore proposes that
,
inter alia, the Assembly reflect on ways to overcome the current
“crisis of leadership” in Europe; encourage politicians and
elected representatives at all levels to speak out on the challenges
currently raised by the threats to the European project; reflect on
the proposal for an annual Forum against extremism; address the
demographic crisis in Europe, as well as continue to address the
challenges raised by extremism and the rise of xenophobic or racist
parties.
Among many other specific recommendations addressed to the
Committee of Ministers in the fields of migration, intercultural
dialogue, education, the role of the media, youth and women, as well
as social cohesion and gender mainstreaming, the report also
recommends that the Committee of Ministers consider launching a major
“Campaign on living together” along the lines of the two “All
different – all equal” campaigns.
A. Draft recommendation
1. The Parliamentary Assembly takes
note of the Group of Eminent Persons’ report on “Living together
– Combining diversity and freedom in 21st-century Europe”,
presented on 11 May 2011, on the occasion of the 121st session of the
Committee of Ministers in Istanbul. The Assembly expects that the
report will give a fresh impetus to, and generate a higher political
commitment for, a range of current and future Council of Europe
activities, against the backdrop of the Organisation’s reform
process.
2. The analysis of the Group of Eminent
Persons provides a basis for further reflection on Europe’s future
which should involve politicians, non-governmental organisations
(NGOs), trade unions, youth organisations, academics, as well as
representatives of religions, the media and local authorities from
different backgrounds and countries. On several issues, the Group’s
findings corroborate positions already taken by the Assembly, while
in some cases suggesting different ways of achieving similar goals.
The challenge has been, and still is, to ensure implementation in a
situation which the Group correctly refers to as a “crisis of
leadership”.
3. For its part, the Assembly is ready
and willing to contribute to the changes which are needed to ensure
greater cohesion in European societies, so that everyone may fully
benefit from living together. It therefore wishes to share with the
Committee of Ministers its own reflections on the matter and propose
concrete ways of implementation of the proposals within the remit of
its competences and priorities.
4. Europe is multicultural and European
peoples have proved their capacity to live together in diversity and
build together their common future. Although multiculturalism is
facing increasing difficulties at national level in various European
countries, the Assembly firmly believes that assimilation is not an
alternative. The response to these difficulties is an intercultural
approach which implies an active interaction of the culturally
different groups within society in order to develop the best model of
living together. The strengthening of common European values and
identity should be promoted in a way which does not eliminate the
different cultures of specific groups, but preserves and incorporates
their specificities in the common European framework. This process
can be endangered by growing populist, xenophobic and identity
politics and similar such rhetoric coined for short-term electoral
purposes and the Assembly therefore calls on member states to develop
policies to prevent such negative practices.
5. Respect of one's own culture helps
to understand the culture of others and accept differences as normal
and enriching. Apart from respect for the law as an important part of
the democratic culture, other cultural elements should also be taken
into account.
6. People coming lawfully to live in a
country should not be expected to leave elements of their identity
(faith, language, culture, etc.) behind. However, they are expected
to show willingness to integrate into the society of their new
country, by not only learning its language, but also gaining
knowledge and understanding of the local culture, and they must
respect democracy, human rights, including the rights of women, and
the rule of law. The communities of origin should not ostracise those
who choose to change their faith or culture.
7. As the Assembly has stressed time
and again, education is the main tool – but not the only one –
against misleading information and stereotypes about specific groups.
Moreover, education is indispensable to individual and societal
welfare and cultural development, without which democracy, human
rights and the rule of law would lose their foundations. The capacity
to be open to and value diversity is highly dependent on quality
education. An emphasis on teacher training should be added to the
specific recommendations of the Group of Eminent Persons in this
area. The work of the Council of Europe in areas such as education
for democratic citizenship or history teaching should be enhanced.
8. In this context, the Assembly
recalls the 1999 Committee of Ministers Declaration and Programme on
education for democratic citizenship based on the rights and
responsibilities of the citizens, and believes that their
implementation could substantially contribute to the development of a
European spirit within society. It thus urges member states to
strengthen the implementation of the 1999 Programme as well as the
more recent Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic
Citizenship and Human Rights Education, adopted by the Committee of
Ministers in 2010, taking concrete steps adapted to their local
specificities.
9. The Assembly recalls its
Resolution
1754 (2010) on the fight against extremism: achievements,
deficiencies and failures, in which it “regrets that the challenge
of establishing a more ethical attitude in politics when dealing with
issues related to race, ethnic and national origin and religion is
still to be met”. Elected representatives have a special
responsibility to change the situation both as individuals and as
members of the bodies to which they are elected, be it at local,
regional, national or international level. The Assembly reiterates
that politicians have a special responsibility to eliminate from
political discourse negative stereotyping or the stigmatising of any
ethnic, minority or migrant group, be they present or not within the
borders of their states. They should promote a message of
non-discrimination, tolerance and respect for people from different
backgrounds.
10. The Assembly regrets that, as
stated in several passages of the report of the Group of Eminent
Persons, women from minority groups are particularly affected by
marginalisation. This situation must be addressed as a priority, not
only to ensure gender equality but also to strengthen women’s
potential to act as a bridge between their communities and the
society at large, by educating children in a culture of diversity and
dialogue and helping them reconcile multiple identities.
11. The Assembly wishes to stress the
need to focus on youth and implement youth rights as an investment in
Europe’s cohesion and future. Youth policies should be at the core
of member states' strategies aimed at building up “Living together”
societies. In this respect, national authorities should adopt
specific measures to encourage youth participation in economic and
democratic life, and offer to all young people equal opportunities to
contribute to the development and well-being of their societies. In
addition, more attention should be paid to the potential of sport as
a powerful tool to further intercultural dialogue and living together
among young people.
12. The Assembly also stresses the
central role the media can play in strengthening democracy, the
respect of fundamental rights and the development of culture. It
believes that the Council of Europe should strengthen its relations
with the media world.
13. The Assembly considers that an
important role can and should be played by the European Centre for
Global Interdependence and Solidarity (North-South Centre);
appropriate means should be given to it in order to develop a
specific comprehensive “Living together” programme, including the
educational, intercultural and youth policy dimensions, to support
development in non-member countries of the Mediterranean region.
14. The Assembly, prompted by the
relevant proposals and recommendations made by the Group of Eminent
Persons, resolves, for its part, to:
14.1. initiate its own reflection on
ways to encourage politicians and elected representatives at all
levels to speak out on the challenges raised at present by the
threats to the European project and solidarity;
14.2. pursue reflection on the proposal
for an annual Forum against extremism, while keeping in mind the
necessity for the Assembly to maintain its capacity for rapid
reaction in the face of new disturbing developments;
14.3. consider organising jointly with
the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), as
appropriate, and in co-operation with all relevant sectors of the
Organisation and, possibly, the European Parliament, a Conference to
take stock of best practices and shortcomings in the implementation
of the 2003 Charter of European Political Parties for a Non-Racist
society, as well as the 2005 Declaration on the use of racist,
anti-Semitic and xenophobic elements in political discourse and the
earlier Committee of Ministers Recommendation No. R (97) 20 on “hate
speech”;
14.4. consider organising an Assembly
campaign to promote the Convention on Nationality (ETS No. 166) and
the Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at
Local Level (ETS No. 144);
14.5. address the issue of ageing
societies in Europe, inter alia through appropriate family
support policies.
15. Recalling that in
Recommendations
1927 (2010),
1933
(2010) and
1962
(2011), the Assembly addressed a number of concrete proposals to
the Committee of Ministers with respect to the fight against
extremism and the promotion of intercultural dialogue calling for “a
new culture of living together”, it urges the Committee of
Ministers to consider those proposals also in the light of the
recommendations of the Group of Eminent Persons.
16. The Assembly further recommends
that the Committee of Ministers, in implementing the recommendations
of the Group of Eminent Persons, give priority to the following
issues:
16.1. promote further the Council of
Europe Conventions on Nationality (ETS No. 166) and on the
Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level (ETS No.
144);
16.2. consider launching a major
campaign on “Living together”, along the lines of the two “All
different – all equal” campaigns;
16.3. explore the possibility of
enhancing the role of the Council of Europe Development Bank in
integration projects in member states;
16.4. call on member states to build
cultural bridges by encouraging their citizens to familiarise
themselves with and respect the culture, language, traditions and
history of immigrant groups;
16.5. consider the development of
guidelines addressing both the rights and responsibilities of
migrants and the links between them through, as a minimum, a code of
good practice on living together, possibly leading at some stage in
the future to a framework convention;
16.6. take urgent measures to implement
Assembly
Recommendation 1963 (2011)
on combating poverty, to improve access for people experiencing
poverty, in particular from migrant and minority communities, to all
human rights (civil, political, economic, social and cultural
rights);
16.7. reinforce all its programmes
aimed at assisting member states in the design of sound educational
policies and the proper implementation of the right to education,
with no discrimination, in particular as regards people from
disadvantaged, minority or migrant backgrounds, in order to combat
the educational and cultural divide in our societies;
16.8. enhance the work of the Council
of Europe in the areas of education for democratic citizenship based
on the rights and responsibilities of the citizens, which should
include education in multiculturalism, and history teaching with a
special emphasis on teacher training;
16.9. establish pilot projects on
intercultural dialogue with local authorities, schools and higher
education institutions and media in member states, including, where
possible, a multilateral dimension in such pilot schemes;
16.10. call on representatives of
religions to contribute, when appropriate, to the debates on common
values, common heritage, protection of religious freedom, respect for
human rights and democratic citizenship, the fight against terrorism,
xenophobia and intolerance;
16.11. create a regular process to
assess the development of intercultural dialogue in member states,
including a thematic European forum on intercultural dialogue to be
organised periodically;
16.12. have regular contacts with the
main European media networks, with a view to further implementing the
Council of Europe recommendations on training, ethical and content
production issues;
16.13. fully integrate gender
mainstreaming in the implementation of the recommendations of the
Group of Eminent Persons;
16.14. propose positive measures to
member states to avoid the risk of women from minority groups being
subjected to double discrimination – compared to men and compared
to other women – and to promote their active participation in
social, economic and political life;
16.15. promote the signature and
ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and
combating violence against women and domestic violence (CETS No.
210).
17. The Group of Eminent Persons
proposes to appoint a high-level special representative mandated to
bring the content of the report to the attention of political leaders
and monitor its implementation. In this respect, the Assembly recalls
that, in its
Recommendation
1928 (2010) on democracy in Europe: crisis and perspectives, it
proposed that “a high-profile personality, a sort of a Delegate for
Democracy, be entrusted with the task of … disseminating, on a
permanent basis, the Council of Europe’s message on
democracy-related issues of major current interest”. The Assembly
believes that the two proposals are not mutually exclusive and that a
possible way forward would be for one and the same person to embrace
both the actions proposed by the Group and those proposed by the
Assembly and invites the Committee of Ministers to examine this
proposal.
18. The Group of Eminent Persons
proposes to offer a special status in the Council of Europe to
countries of the southern and eastern Mediterranean shores and of
Central Asia. The Assembly recalls its status of “Partner for
Democracy” for parliaments of countries in neighbouring regions and
its Resolution … (2011) on the request for Partner for Democracy
status with the Parliamentary Assembly submitted by the Parliament of
Morocco and Resolution ... (2011) on the situation in Tunisia. In
view of recent developments on the southern and eastern Mediterranean
shores, the Assembly wholeheartedly supports ways of bringing
countries from that region closer to the Council of Europe.
19. The Assembly resolves to pursue
its reflection on this matter, inter alia by organising a
conference, involving the Secretary General, representatives of the
Committee of Ministers and of the Group of Eminent Persons, the
rapporteur and other members of its Political Affairs Committee, as
well as the rapporteurs of the other committees seized for opinion,
in order to deepen and enlarge the debate related to the development
of our multicultural societies.
B. Explanatory memorandum by Mr Toshev,
rapporteur
1. Introduction
1. At the initiative of the Turkish
Chairmanship of the Committee of Ministers, the Secretary General
appointed, in the summer of 2010, a Group of Eminent Persons, headed
by the former German Foreign Minister, Mr Joshka Fischer,
“to prepare a report on the challenges arising from the resurgence
of intolerance and discrimination in Europe”.
2. At the request of the Political
Affairs Committee, the Bureau of the Parliamentary Assembly
authorised the committee to prepare a report on “Living together in
21st-century Europe: follow-up to the report of the Group of Eminent
Persons”, to be debated at the Assembly’s June 2011 part-session,
with the following committees seized for opinion: Social, Health and
Family Affairs Committee; Committee on Migration, Refugees and
Population; Committee on Culture, Science and Education; and
Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men. The Political
Affairs Committee appointed me rapporteur in April 2011.
3. The Group of Eminent Persons’
report on “Living together – Combining diversity and freedom in
21st-century Europe” was presented on 11 May 2011, on the occasion
of the 121st session of the Committee of Ministers in Istanbul.
4. This allowed an extremely short
period of time to prepare the present report, not least considering
that four other Assembly committees should contribute to it.
5. As a consequence, I will make some
general and some specific comments on the areas of competence of the
Political Affairs Committee, leaving it for the rapporteurs of the
other four committees to comment on their respective areas. This is
all the more appropriate as the report raises a number of important
issues related to migration, the role of the media, as well as, even
if to a lesser extent, education, intercultural dialogue, social
cohesion and challenges faced by women belonging to the groups
mentioned in the report.
6. Mr Martin Hirsch, President of the Civil Agency in France and
member of the Group of Eminent Persons, was invited to the
committee's meeting in May 2011 to present the main findings of the
Group and respond to our questions. We also invited the rapporteurs
of the four committees seized for opinion who were thus able to
acquire first-hand information on the discussions in the Political
Affairs Committee and inject ideas into the draft recommendation.
2. General comments
7. To begin with, I would like to make
it clear that I welcome the report by the Group of Eminent persons as
a basis for further reflection on Europe’s future, which should
involve politicians, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), youth
organisations, academics, as well as representatives of religions,
the media and local authorities from different backgrounds and
countries.
8. Taking stock of the challenges
arising from the resurgence of intolerance and discrimination in
Europe, the report analyses “the threat” and proposes “the
response” for “living together” in open European societies.
9. Referring to the principles of the
European Convention on Human Rights, the Group highlights eight
specific risks to values upheld by the Council of Europe: widespread
intolerance; growing discrimination (especially against Roma and
immigrants); rising support for xenophobic and populist parties;
parallel societies; Islamic extremism; loss of democratic freedoms;
presence of a population without rights and the potential clash
between “religious freedom” and freedom of expression.
10. The report underlines some of the
reasons behind “the threat”: insecurity deriving from the Old
Continent’s financial crisis and a sense of relative decline;
distorted perceptions of large-scale immigration; detrimental
stereotypes of minorities in the media and public opinion; and a
clear leadership deficit in shaping Europe's present and future.
11. “The response” envisages 59
“proposals for action”, the first 17 of which are labelled
“strategic recommendations” to European Institutions and
their member states. The Group identifies the main actors for
change in public attitudes.
12. Amongst its 17 guiding principles,
the Group insists on the fact that, provided they obey the law,
immigrants should not be “expected to renounce their faith, culture
or identity”.
13. It is worth recalling that, in the
history of the Council of Europe, several groups of external
personalities have been occasionally invited to reflect on major
challenges facing European society and to propose initiatives to be
taken by our Organisation, as did the Committee of Wise Persons of
the 1990s and the “Colombo” Commission set up in the mid-1980s,
which were also asked to identify the challenges facing European
society and which also formulated a number of recommendations. A
slightly different, albeit comparable, exercise was the 2006 Juncker
report on the relations between the Council of Europe and the
European Union.
14. We are aware that the society we
live in is far from perfect. In recent years, in particular, we have
witnessed frequent displays of negative phenomena and deeds which
indicate the need not only to reflect upon, but also to act and to do
something about our common future. The media keep reporting on
displays of intolerance, racism and xenophobia. Manifestations of
anti-Semitism have also occurred. Frequently we witness tolerance
towards intolerance. Failure to come to someone else’s aid or to
attend to strangers’ needs is hardly an exception anymore. Ethnic
and religious conflicts still constitute unsettled questions and
potential sources of trouble. Egoism, egocentrism, apathy towards
social advancement and diminishing voter turnouts should cause
serious concern.
15. In 1999, in order to address these
negative developments, the Committee of Ministers adopted the
Declaration and Programme on education for democratic citizenship,
based on the rights and responsibilities of the citizens. I believe
that the continuation of their implementation could be a substantial
contribution of the Council of Europe to the development of a
European spirit within the society. In this respect, a strong impetus
given to the implementation of the Council of Europe’s Charter on
Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education,
adopted by the Committee of Ministers in 2010, could also be very
instrumental in achieving this goal.
16. As Ms Brasseur pointed out recently
in her report on the religious dimension of intercultural dialogue,
which I commented on in our committee’s opinion, the White Paper on
Intercultural Dialogue – “Living together as equals in dignity”
of 2008 is an important contribution by the Council of Europe to the
issue of living together.
17. In preparing its report, the Group
of Eminent Persons exchanged views with different bodies of the
Council of Europe, the European Union, other international
organisations and civil society.
18. A number of relevant Assembly
documents are quoted in the report, for instance
Resolution
1760 (2010) on the recent rise in national security discourse in
Europe: the case of Roma
or
Resolution
1754 (2010) on the fight against extremism: achievements,
deficiencies and failures. Some other recent texts are also relevant, such as
Resolution
1746 (2010) on democracy in Europe: crisis and perspectives
or
Recommendation
1962 (2011) on the religious dimension of intercultural dialogue,
adopted only a month before the publication of the report of the
Group of Eminent Persons, in which the Assembly called for “a new
culture of living together”.
19. The report has the merit of
presenting a comprehensive approach and concrete proposals. Many of
the proposals are dictated by common sense and should indeed be
followed up. On several issues, the findings corroborate positions
taken by the Assembly, while suggesting different ways of achieving
similar goals. That said, the main challenge has been and still is to
ensure implementation in a situation which the Group correctly refers to as a “crisis of
leadership”. And I believe that the Assembly should in particular
play a role in this respect, that is by suggesting concrete ways of
implementing proposals in the specific areas dealt with in the
report, either by itself, the Committee of Ministers, or other
actors. However, I believe that all these steps should not be seen as
reflecting a holistic social engineering approach which, in the
history of mankind, has never produced other results than disasters.
On the contrary, any proposed measures should be adapted taking into
account local specificities, on the basis of wide acceptance,
understanding and agreement.
20. Values should be cultivated, but
not imposed through administrative means. They can be nurtured by
education and training at family level, school level and at local
level, where the role of media is also essential.
21. The challenges we face today in our
society cannot be addressed properly by renouncing the values of
European culture. It is a widely spread view that culture forms
society. Therefore the society forms citizenship and establishes
freedom in its turn. Respect for culture makes it possible to
understand the culture of others and to consider the differences as
something normal, which enrich society. Respect for the law and the
acceptance of free market rules are important elements of culture,
but culture is much more than that.
22. To quote an example, among the
various specific recommendations, the Group has suggested that the
Secretary General of the Council of Europe should appoint a
high-level special representative to bring the content of the report
to the attention of political leaders and to monitor its
implementation.
23. I would recall in this context
that, in its
Resolution
1746 (2010) and
Recommendation 1928 (2010) on democracy in Europe: crisis and
perspectives, the Assembly had proposed that “a high-profile
personality, a sort of a Delegate for Democracy, be entrusted with
the task of leading and animating the Strasbourg Democracy Forum, as
well as disseminating, on a permanent basis, the Council of Europe’s
message on democracy-related issues of major current interest”. I
believe that the two proposals are not mutually exclusive and that a
possible way forward would be for one and the same person to embrace
both the actions proposed by the Group and those proposed by the
Assembly. The Committee of Ministers, which has not so far taken
position on the Assembly’s proposal, could reflect on this possible
way forward. In any event, the Assembly is supportive of the idea of
a Task Force to be set up by the Secretary General of the Council of
Europe for ensuring coherence in the implementation of the
recommendations of the report within the Organisation and is ready to
be associated with it.
24. The demographic crisis, which is
also one of the outstanding issues for Europe, could be addressed by
pro-family and pro-life policies – issues to which the Assembly has
contributed through numerous resolutions and recommendations.
25. Concerning the proposal by the Eminent Persons to offer a
special status in the Council of Europe to countries of the southern
and eastern Mediterranean shores and of Central Asia, I should like
to recall that the Assembly recently created the status of Partner
for Democracy for parliaments of countries in these regions and has
organised six Interparliamentary Conferences of the Mediterranean and
Black Sea basins, which offered the opportunity for a constructive
dialogue between representatives of the non-European states from this
region and the Assembly. So far, Morocco and the Palestinian National
Council have officially requested the status of “Partner for
Democracy” and the report by my colleague Luca Volontè on the
Moroccan request will be debated by the Assembly at its June 2011
part-session. In addition, my colleague Jean-Charles Gardetto is
currently preparing a report on co-operation between the Council of
Europe and the emerging democracies in the Arab world. In view of the
recent developments on the southern and eastern Mediterranean shores,
I believe that the Assembly should support ways of bringing countries
from this region closer to the Council of Europe as a whole. The
Assembly should also continue its dialogue on these issues within the
United Nations framework as part of a dialogue between Europe and the
rest of the world.
3. Multiculturalism and integration
26. Diversity and integration policies
have faced a backlash in many Western democracies, particularly in
Europe. They remain, however, a popular idea at the international
level, actively promoted by influential international organisations,
including the Council of Europe. The European model is multicultural
by definition. At the Congress of Europe, in The Hague in 1948, the
founding fathers of Europe made it clear that the people from central
and eastern Europe had their place in a United Europe, once they were
liberated from the communist dictatorships and achieved democracy.
Since the destruction of the Berlin wall by the people of Germany in
1989, important changes have taken place in eastern Europe, but also
in Western societies. As a consequence, the Council of Europe has
expanded to 47 and the European Union to 27 member states. Currently
the new member states and their citizens are in a process of active
dialogue with the other members of the European family. The cohesion
between Western and Eastern Europe and the North and South of the
continent is still in progress.
27. The preservation of cultural
differences of the various European nations goes hand in hand with
the participation of all of us in a common European culture, which
should not annihilate national cultures but incorporate them in a
harmonious way.
28. Due to the great number of
immigrants to Europe, many more cultural traditions are present on
the European territory, from Asia, Africa and South America, which
are very different from the traditional European cultures. Radical
Islam has played its role in fuelling the fears of Europeans of
little known newcomers.
29. In respect mainly to these
newcomers, the political leaders of Germany (Angela Merkel’s speech
to members of the Junge Union, Potsdam, 16 October 2010), the United
Kingdom (David Cameron, speech to the Security Conference in Munich,
5 February 2011) and France (Nicolas Sarkozy, Interview, Paroles
de Français – TF1,11 February 2011) have, in recent times,
cast doubt about multiculturalism in almost identical terms and in
particular the perceived failure of national multicultural models in
these states, which, according to such leaders, have not led to an
acceptable state of living together.
30. In the German case, when the
Gastarbeiters started to come to Germany in the 1950s-1970s,
mostly from Turkey, they did not intend to remain there for a long
time. Their plan was to return to Turkey after 10 years or so. But
the large German employers were not keen to train their workforce
over and over again and the contracts of their workers were
prolonged. This led to the permanent settlement of whole families,
which remained even after retirement, thus forming a community. The
concept of the German Greens widely spread in Europe under the slogan
“Multikulti” was based on the understanding that the different
cultures should be respected and these people would integrate
themselves in society provided the necessary conditions were met.
Therefore the previous German governments did not pursue an active
approach to integrating the Turkish community in German society. And
today some members of such communities have formed self-isolated
groups.
31. This is a clear example why a
multicultural approach wasnot an adequate solution and should be
replaced by an intercultural approach comprising an active
interaction between the national society of the state and the groups
which have different cultures. Integration and preservation of
cultural differences should be promoted instead of assimilation,
which is not at all an alternative solution to the problem.
32. Refusing to assess and properly
address the existing problems might lead society to such negative
developments as extreme nationalism, populism and xenophobia.
33. The report of the Group of Eminent
Persons rightly points out that identities are multiple and that no
one should be forced to choose one, to accept one or to exclude
another. People coming to live in a country should indeed not be
expected to leave elements of their identity (faith, language,
culture, etc.) behind, but they are expected to add new elements to
it, including, but not limited to, the language of their new country.
Nor should they be ostracised within their communities of origin
should they choose to change their faith or culture.
34. European societies are rightly
criticised for not performing well in integrating members of minority
groups (with a special emphasis on immigrants and Roma). However,
efforts towards living together must come from both sides and here I
see a role for education for all.
35. The report rightly states that
people coming to live in a new country must obey the law and that
neither religion nor culture can be accepted as excuses for not doing
so. Obeying the law is the minimum expected from all those living in
a country, but obviously it is not enough for real integration in
society.
36. Some immigrants, however, bring to
Europe some attitudes which are incompatible with the values upheld
by our Organisation. Even if they are only a tiny minority among
immigrants and persons from recent immigrant descent, such attitudes
contribute negatively to the stereotypes about some immigrant groups.
37. As the Assembly has stressed time
and again, education is the main tool – but not the only one
–against misleading information and stereotypes about specific
groups. An emphasis on teacher training should be added to the
specific recommendation of the Group in this area. The work of the
Council of Europe in areas such as education for democratic
citizenship or history teaching should be enhanced.
38. In its
Resolution
1746 (2010), the Assembly called on Council of Europe member
states to “improve citizenship education and political training by
ensuring compliance with the new Council of Europe Charter on
Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education, as
well as implementing the Council of Europe’s programmes in the
field of democratic citizenship and human rights education”.
39. I agree with the Group that “no
religion should be considered to be a priori incompatible
with European values”, but some practices associated by many with
some religions are indeed incompatible with such values. It is the
role of politicians, the media and also religious leaders to state
very clearly which is which.
40. As the Group of Eminent Persons
rightly states, “under no circumstances can respect for group
identity or religious belief be invoked to justify the exclusion of
girls from any form of education which is available to boys, or the
seclusion of adult women from normal interaction with society outside
their home”.
41. Human rights are not negotiable. In its
Resolution
1510 (2006), the Assembly stated that “freedom of expression as
protected under article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights
should not be further restricted to meet increasing sensitivities of
certain religious groups”. More generally, we could state that the
protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as set forth in
the Convention, must not be restricted for the sake of
multiculturalism.
4. The role and responsibilities of politicians
42. The report of the Group of Eminent
Persons raises legitimate concern about the fact that “In recent
months, anti-immigration parties have notched up impressive gains,
including in countries with a reputation for liberal politics and
tolerant electorates. Over the last two years, election results and
polling data in a wide range of European countries have shown an
increase in voter support for movements which claim to be defending
the interests and culture of the 'indigenous' majority against
immigration and the spread of Islam”.
43. In its
Resolution
1746 (2010), the Assembly noted that “populist, extremist and
identity politics, as well as nationalistic rhetoric, have been
reinforced during recent years under crisis conditions in many member
states”. The Assembly further expressed its concern about a dual
trend in Europe whereby, on the one hand, extreme right-wing parties
are being elected into national parliaments in growing numbers and,
on the other, mainstream parties, in an attempt to detract their
voters from turning to far-right parties and regain popular support,
are borrowing some of the radical, xenophobic and discriminatory
language of extremist parties.
44. At the same time, it can be
acknowledged that mainstream political parties, by increasingly
refusing to address the fears (even if unfounded) of an increasing
part of the population concerning immigration and Islam, or
addressing these fears to an insufficient extent, are partly
responsible for such an increase in support for xenophobic and
populist parties. The cases of Islamophobia should be addressed, as
the Assembly proposes in its
Recommendation
1927 (2010) and
Resolution
1743 (2010).
45. The growing complexity of the
contemporary challenges and policies (for example migration policy,
policies aimed at tackling intolerance and discrimination and
policies to combat terrorism) has the effect of encouraging a
tendency to “dumb down” complicated policy issues in public
discussions. Politicians are confronted with a gap between complex
and technical issues, and the need for policy to be formulated in
more catchy terms in order to enlist popular support. This results in
a gap, perhaps even a gulf, between policy principles and policy as
depicted in party political debates and the mass media.
46. In order to reverse the trend,
mainstream political parties and politicians should certainly not
compete on anti-immigrant rhetoric, but should address with honesty
the concerns of their constituents.
47. Against this background, I do agree
with the Eminent Persons when they “urge all political leaders,
while striving to respond convincingly to real and legitimate public
concerns about excessive or irregular immigration, to resist the rise
of xenophobic or racist parties and take care not to seek political
advantage by inciting or playing on public anxiety about migrants or
members of minorities”.
Equally, I would underscore the call addressed in this context to the
Assembly with respect to the Charter of European Political Parties
for a Non-Racist Society, signed by its President and the President
of the European Parliament in 2003. In this context, I would like to
underline that, in its
Resolution
1754 (2010) on the fight against extremism: achievements,
deficiencies and failures, adopted less than a year ago, on 5 October
2010, the Assembly, regretting “that the challenge of establishing
a more ethical attitude in politics when dealing with issues related
to race, ethnic and national origin and religion is still to be met”,
recalls this Charter as well as the Declaration on the use of racist,
anti-Semitic and xenophobic elements in political discourse, adopted
by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) in
2005, which “it commends for their relevance”. In its
Resolution
1760 (2010) on the recent rise in national security discourse in
Europe: the case of Roma, adopted two days later, the Assembly
further urges political parties, political forces and political and
public figures in member states, international groupings of political
parties and its own members to commit themselves to adhering to, and
actively implementing and promoting the principles contained in the
Charter.
48. As regards the more specific
recommendation for the Assembly “to nominate a rapporteur on
political extremism, and to organise an annual forum on extremism –
perhaps to be called the Stieg Larsson colloquium”,this proposal merits further reflection.
49. For my part, I would like to
contribute to this reflection by recalling recent reports of the
Assembly, emanating from our committee, which deal with the issue of
political extremism, the latest ones being the reports of Mr Agramunt
and Ms Brasseur which led to the adoption of
Resolutions 1754 (2010) and
1760
(2010) quoted above. My preliminary assessment is that, by
reacting in a timely manner on the events of summer 2010, the
Assembly’s message against extremism was perhaps more effective
than an annual forum which, with time, might become a somewhat
routine exercise.
50. It is also worth recalling that
every two years the Assembly holds a general debate on the state of
democracy in Europe and, as has been illustrated by the examples I
quoted from Mr Gross’s report on democracy in Europe: crisis and
perspectives, in the context of last year’s debate on democracy,
such Assembly debates are often devoted to issues related to the
fight against political extremism. The practice of democracy debates
on the one hand, and the possibility of reacting at any moment and
rapidly to specific cases of concern, on the other, provide, in my
view, a good basis for the Assembly’s contribution to the fight
against political extremism.
51. Moreover, as indicated above, in
Resolution
1746 (2010) and
Recommendation
1928 (2010), the Assembly proposed that “a high-profile
personality, a sort of a Delegate for Democracy, be entrusted with
the task of leading and animating the Strasbourg Democracy Forum, as
well as disseminating, on a permanent basis, the Council of Europe’s
message on democracy-related issues of major current interest”. I
believe that this high-profile personality would also be responsible
for reacting rapidly to cases giving rise to concern. I refer in this
respect to the comments I made above in paragraph 19.
52. A number of other concrete
proposals in the field of the fight against extremism were addressed
by the Assembly, to the Committee of Ministers in
Recommendation
1933 (2010). As the Committee of Ministers has not yet adopted
its reply to this recommendation, I do not want to repeat the
proposals, but to use this opportunity to call on the Committee of
Ministers to consider them also in the light of the Eminent Persons’
recommendations
53. For its part, the Assembly,
prompted by the two recommendations made by the Group on “political
extremism, racism, xenophobic and anti-migrant discourse”, could
organise, jointly with the European Commission against Racism and
Intolerance as appropriate, and in co-operation with all relevant
sectors of the Organisation and, possibly, the European Parliament, a
Conference to take stock of best practices and shortcomings in the
implementation by member states of the 2003 Charter of European
Political Parties for a Non-Racist society, as well as the 2005
Declaration on the use of racist, anti-Semitic and xenophobic
elements in political discourse, and the much earlier Committee of
Ministers Recommendation No. R (97) 20 on “hate speech”.
54. I note that the report of the Group
of Eminent Persons identifies nine groups of “actors for change”,
namely educators, mass media, employers and trade unions, civil
society, churches and religious groups, celebrities and “role
models”, towns and cities, member states and European and
international institutions, but does not specifically mention the
role of politicians. While it may be understood that the report is
effectively addressed to politicians and, as a group, they may be
automatically considered as “actors for change”, it would have
nonetheless been good to include them as an additional group.
55. Elected representatives are indeed
very much responsible for changing the situation both as individuals
and as members of the bodies for which they were elected, be it at
local, regional, national of international level.
56. As the Assembly stressed in its
Resolution
1760 (2010) on the recent rise in national security discourse in
Europe: the case of Roma, “politicians have a special
responsibility to eliminate negative stereotyping or stigmatising of
any minority or migrant group from political discourse. They should
promote a message of non-discrimination, tolerance and respect for
people from different backgrounds”.
57. For its part, the Parliamentary
Assembly is more than ready and willing to contribute to the changes
which are needed for greater cohesion in European societies, so that
everyone may fully benefit from living together.
ПРИЕТАТА ПРЕПОРЪКА ДО КОМИТЕТА НА МИНИСТРИТЕ НА СЪВЕТА НА ЕВРОПА - Т.Е. ДО ПРАВИТЕЛСТВАТА НА СТРАНИТЕ - ЧЛЕНКИ
Recommendation 1975 (2011)
Final version
Living
together in 21st-century Europe: follow-up to the report of the Group
of Eminent Persons of the Council of Europe
Author(s): Parliamentary Assembly
Origin - Assembly debate on 22 June 2011 (23rd and
24th Sittings) (see Doc.
12631, report of the Political Affairs Committee, rapporteur: Mr
Toshev; Doc.
12653, opinion of the Social, Health and Family Affairs
Committee, rapporteur: Ms Kaufer; Doc.
12650, opinion of the Committee on Migration, Refugees and
Population, rapporteur: Mr Díaz Tejera; Doc.
12651, opinion of the Committee on Culture, Science and
Education, rapporteur: Mr Flego; and Doc.12640,
opinion of the Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men,
rapporteur: Ms Kovács). Text adopted by the Assembly on 22 June 2011
(24th Sitting).
1. The Parliamentary Assembly takes
note of the Group of Eminent Persons’ report “Living together –
Combining diversity and freedom in 21st-century Europe”, presented
on 11 May 2011, on the occasion of the 121st session of the Committee
of Ministers in Istanbul. The Assembly expects that the report will
give a fresh impetus to, and generate a higher political commitment
for, a range of current and future Council of Europe activities,
against the backdrop of the Organisation’s reform process.
2. The analysis of the Group of Eminent
Persons provides a basis for further reflection on Europe’s future
which should involve politicians, non-governmental organisations
(NGOs), trade unions, youth organisations and academics, as well as
representatives of religions, the media and local authorities from
different backgrounds and countries. On several issues, the group’s
findings corroborate positions already taken by the Assembly, while
in some cases suggesting different ways of achieving similar goals.
The challenge has been, and still is, to ensure implementation in a
situation which the group correctly refers to as a “crisis of
leadership”.
3. For its part, the Assembly is ready
and willing to contribute to the changes which are needed to ensure
greater cohesion in European societies, so that everyone may fully
benefit from living together. It therefore wishes to share with the
Committee of Ministers its own reflections on the matter and propose
concrete ways of implementation of the proposals within the remit of
its competences and priorities.
4. Europe is multicultural and European
peoples have proved their capacity to live together in diversity and
build together their common future. Although multiculturalism is
facing increasing difficulties at national level in various European
countries, the Assembly firmly believes that assimilation is not an
alternative. The response to these difficulties is an intercultural
approach which implies an active interaction among the culturally
different groups within society in order to develop the best model of
living together. The strengthening of common European values and
identity should be promoted in a way which does not eliminate the
different cultures of specific groups, but preserves and incorporates
their specificities in the common European framework. This process
can be endangered by growing populist, xenophobic and identity
politics and similar such rhetoric coined for short-term electoral
purposes, and the Assembly therefore calls on member states to
develop policies to prevent such negative practices.
5. Respect of one’s own culture helps
to understand the culture of others and accept differences as normal
and enriching. Apart from respect for the law as an important part of
the democratic culture, other cultural elements should also be taken
into account.
6. People coming lawfully to live in a
country should not be expected to leave elements of their identity
(faith, language, culture, etc.) behind. However, they are expected
to show willingness to integrate into the society of their new
country, by not only learning its language, but also gaining
knowledge and understanding of the local culture, and they must
respect democracy, human rights, including the rights of women, and
the rule of law. The communities of origin should not ostracise those
who choose to change their faith or culture.
7. As the Assembly has stressed time
and again, education is the main tool – but not the only one –
against misleading information and stereotypes about specific groups.
Moreover, education is indispensable to individual and societal
welfare and cultural development, without which democracy, human
rights and the rule of law would lose their foundations. The capacity
to be open to and value diversity is highly dependent on quality
education. An emphasis on teacher training should be added to the
specific recommendations of the Group of Eminent Persons in this
area. The work of the Council of Europe in areas such as education
for democratic citizenship or history teaching should be enhanced.
8. In this context, the Assembly
recalls the 1999 Committee of Ministers Declaration and Programme on
education for democratic citizenship, based on the rights and
responsibilities of citizens, and believes that their implementation
could substantially contribute to the development of a European
spirit within society. It thus urges member states to strengthen the
implementation of the 1999 programme, as well as the more recent
Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and
Human Rights Education, adopted by the Committee of Ministers in
2010, taking concrete steps adapted to their local specificities.
9. The Assembly recalls its
Resolution
1754 (2010) on the fight against extremism: achievements,
deficiencies and failures, in which it “regrets that the challenge
of establishing a more ethical attitude in politics, when dealing
with issues related to race, ethnic and national origin, and
religion, is still to be met”. Elected representatives have a
special responsibility to change the situation both as individuals
and as members of the bodies to which they are elected, be it at
local, regional, national or international level. The Assembly
reiterates that politicians have a special responsibility to
eliminate from political discourse negative stereotyping or the
stigmatising of any ethnic, minority or migrant group, be they
present or not within the borders of their states. They should
promote a message of non-discrimination, tolerance and respect for
people from different backgrounds.
10. The Assembly regrets that, as
stated in several passages of the report of the Group of Eminent
Persons, women from minority groups are particularly affected by
marginalisation. This situation must be addressed as a priority, not
only to ensure gender equality but also to strengthen women’s
potential to act as a bridge between their communities and society at
large, by educating children in a culture of diversity and dialogue
and helping them reconcile multiple identities.
11. The Assembly wishes to stress the
need to focus on youth and implement youth rights as an investment in
Europe’s cohesion and future. Youth policies should be at the core
of member states’ strategies aimed at building up “living
together” societies. In this respect, national authorities should
adopt specific measures to encourage youth participation in economic
and democratic life, and offer all young people equal opportunities
to contribute to the development and well-being of their societies.
In addition, more attention should be paid to the potential of sport
as a powerful tool to further intercultural dialogue and living
together among young people.
12. The Assembly also stresses the
central role the media can play in strengthening democracy, the
respect of fundamental rights and the development of culture. It
believes that the Council of Europe should strengthen its relations
with the media world.
13. The Assembly considers that an
important role can and should be played by the European Centre for
Global Interdependence and Solidarity (North-South Centre);
appropriate means should be given to it in order to develop a
specific comprehensive “living together” programme, including the
educational, intercultural and youth policy dimensions, to support
development in non-member countries of the Mediterranean region.
14. The Assembly, prompted by the
relevant proposals and recommendations made by the Group of Eminent
Persons, resolves, for its part, to:
14.1. initiate its own reflection on
ways to encourage politicians and elected representatives at all
levels to speak out on the challenges raised at present by the
threats to the European project and solidarity;
14.2. pursue reflection on the proposal
for an annual forum against extremism, while keeping in mind the
necessity for the Assembly to maintain its capacity for rapid
reaction in the face of new disturbing developments;
14.3. consider organising jointly with
the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI), and in
co-operation with all relevant sectors of the Organisation and,
possibly, the European Parliament, a conference to take stock of best
practices and shortcomings in the implementation by member states of
the 2003 Charter of European Political Parties for a Non-Racist
Society, as well as the 2005 Declaration on the use of racist,
antisemitic and xenophobic elements in political discourse and the
earlier Committee of Ministers Recommendation No. R (97) 20 on “hate
speech”;
14.4. consider organising an Assembly
campaign to promote the European Convention on Nationality (ETS No.
166) and the Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public
Life at Local Level (ETS No. 144);
14.5. address the issue of ageing
societies in Europe, inter alia through appropriate family
support policies;
14.6. address the democratic deficit
resulting from the lack of democratic participation of migrants, Roma
and other groups susceptible to marginalisation.
15. Recalling that in
Recommendations
1927 (2010) on Islam, Islamism and Islamophobia in Europe,
1933
(2010) on the fight against extremism: achievements, deficiencies
and failures, and
1962
(2011) on the religious dimension of intercultural dialogue, the
Assembly addressed a number of concrete proposals to the Committee of
Ministers with respect to the fight against extremism and the
promotion of intercultural dialogue calling for “a new culture of
living together”, it urges the Committee of Ministers to consider
those proposals also in the light of the recommendations of the Group
of Eminent Persons.
16. The Assembly further recommends
that the Committee of Ministers, in implementing the recommendations
of the Group of Eminent Persons, give priority to the following
issues:
16.1. promote further the European
Convention on Nationality and the Convention on the Participation of
Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level;
16.2. consider launching a major
campaign on “living together”, along the lines of the two “All
Different – All Equal” campaigns;
16.3. explore the possibility of
enhancing the role of the Council of Europe Development Bank in
integration projects in member states;
16.4. call on member states to build
cultural bridges by encouraging their citizens to familiarise
themselves with and respect the culture, language, traditions and
history of immigrant groups;
16.5. consider the development of
guidelines addressing both the rights and responsibilities of
migrants and the links between them through, as a minimum, a code of
good practice on living together, possibly leading at some stage in
the future to a framework convention;
16.6. take urgent measures to implement
Assembly
Recommendation 1963 (2011)
on combating poverty, to improve access for people experiencing
poverty, in particular from migrant and minority communities, to all
human rights (civil, political, economic, social and cultural);
16.7. examine the steps needed to
guarantee the basic rights of irregular migrants and their children,
recognising that many of these people are exploited and cannot or
will not be returned to their countries of origin;
16.8. reinforce all its programmes
aimed at assisting member states in the design of sound educational
policies and the proper implementation of the right to education,
with no discrimination, in particular as regards people from
disadvantaged, minority or migrant backgrounds, in order to combat
the educational and cultural divide in our societies;
16.9. enhance the work of the Council
of Europe in the areas of education for democratic citizenship based
on the rights and responsibilities of citizens, which should include
education in multiculturalism, and history teaching with a special
emphasis on teacher training;
16.10. establish pilot projects on
intercultural dialogue with local authorities, schools and higher
education institutions and media in member states, including, where
possible, a multilateral dimension in such pilot schemes;
16.11. call on representatives of
religions to contribute, when appropriate, to the debates on common
values, common heritage, protection of religious freedom, respect for
human rights and democratic citizenship and the fight against
terrorism, xenophobia and intolerance;
16.12. create a regular process to
assess the development of intercultural dialogue in member states,
including a thematic European forum on intercultural dialogue to be
organised periodically;
16.13. have regular contacts with the
main European media networks, with a view to further implementing the
Council of Europe recommendations on training, ethics and content
production issues;
16.14. fully integrate gender
mainstreaming in the implementation of the recommendations of the
Group of Eminent Persons;
16.15. propose positive measures to
member states to avoid the risk of women from minority groups being
subjected to double discrimination – compared to men and compared
to other women – and to promote their active participation in
social, economic and political life;
16.16. promote the signature and
ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and
Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (CETS No.
210).
17. The Assembly recommends that the
Committee of Ministers, in implementing the recommendations of the
Group of Eminent Persons, take specific measures to ensure the
protection of those who are particularly vulnerable or at risk of
exclusion and marginalisation, enabling them to live in dignity. In
this connection, the Assembly stresses that everyone is entitled to
respect for social rights, and these cannot be denied. The Council of
Europe, in its Committee of Ministers Recommendation No. R (2000) 3
on the right to the satisfaction of basic material needs of persons
in situations of extreme hardship, stressed that this right should
contain as a minimum the right to food, clothing, shelter and basic
medical care.
18. The Group of Eminent Persons
proposes to appoint a high-level special representative mandated to
bring the content of the report to the attention of political leaders
and monitor its implementation. In this respect, the Assembly recalls
that, in its
Recommendation
1928 (2010) on democracy in Europe: crisis and perspectives, it
proposed that “a high-profile personality, a sort of a delegate for
democracy, [be entrusted with the task of] … disseminating, on a
permanent basis, the Council of Europe’s message on
democracy-related issues of major current interest”. The Assembly
believes that the two proposals are not mutually exclusive and that a
possible way forward would be for one and the same person to embrace
both the actions proposed by the group and those proposed by the
Assembly and invites the Committee of Ministers to examine this
proposal.
19. The Group of Eminent Persons
proposes to offer a special status in the Council of Europe to
countries of the southern and eastern Mediterranean shores and of
Central Asia. The Assembly recalls its status of “Partner for
Democracy” for parliaments of countries in neighbouring regions and
its
Resolution
1818 (2011) on the request for Partner for Democracy status with
the Parliamentary Assembly submitted by the Parliament of Morocco and
Resolution
1819 (2011) on the situation in Tunisia. In view of recent
developments on the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean,
the Assembly wholeheartedly supports ways of bringing countries from
that region closer to the Council of Europe.
20. The Assembly resolves to pursue its
reflection on this matter,
inter alia by organising a
conference, involving the Secretary General, representatives of the
Committee of Ministers and of the Group of Eminent Persons, the
rapporteur and other members of its Political Affairs Committee, as
well as the rapporteurs of the other committees seized for opinion,
in order to deepen and enlarge the debate related to the development
of our multicultural societies. Following this conference, an
action-based agenda for the Council of Europe should be set during a
ministerial session, and this should feed into any future Council of
Europe summit of heads of state and government.
ОТГОВОРА НА КОМИТЕТА НА МИНИСТРИТЕ ДО ПАСЕ ПО ПРИЕТАТА ПРЕПОРЪКА
Living together in 21st-century
Europe: follow-up to the report of the Group of Eminent Persons of
the Council of Europe
Reply | Doc. 12967 | 26 June 2012
Author(s): Committee of Ministers
Origin - Adopted at the 1146th meeting of the Ministers’
Deputies (20 June 2012). 2012 - Third part-session
Reply to
REC
1975 (2011)
1. The Committee of Ministers considers
the report of the Group of Eminent Persons a timely initiative in
that it places at the centre of the debate certain essential topical
questions which present themselves to all member States, such as how
to reconcile diversity and social cohesion and the rights and
responsibilities of all people, nationals and non-nationals alike.
The Committee of Ministers considers that these questions should be
addressed coherently at European level, in full compliance with the
fundamental rights and freedoms secured by the European Convention on
Human Rights and having regard to national circumstances. It welcomes
the interest shown by the Parliamentary Assembly in the
implementation of the proposals and recommendations of the Group of
Eminent Persons.
2. After the presentation and the
initial discussion of the report on the occasion of the 121st
Session of the Committee of Ministers in May 2011 in Istanbul, the
Committee of Ministers held two thematic debates on possible further
action. The Committee of Ministers based its analysis of the
possible follow-up on a reference document recapitulating the
various Council of Europe achievements in the fields dealt with.
Considering the wealth and relevance of these achievements, it
concluded that it was important above all to strengthen the
Organisation’s existing instruments and tools and ensure their
implementation in the most effective possible way. The report and
the question of “living together” were also highlighted by the
Group of Eminent Persons on the occasion of the Exchange on the
religious dimension of intercultural dialogue held in November 2011
in Luxembourg.
3. The Committee of Ministers shares
the concerns of the Parliamentary Assembly expressed in paragraph 4
of its recommendation concerning the growing populist, xenophobic
and similar rhetoric, sometimes used for short-term electoral
purposes. It agrees with the Parliamentary Assembly as to the need
for member States to put in place effective policies to prevent
these negative phenomena that require a resolute response from
governments, education institutions, media and international
organisations. Many member States already implement such policies
which include programmes for combating discrimination in various
fields as well as training programmes for police, border guard and
other law enforcement authorities to improve their effective
response to hate crimes, increase their awareness of discrimination
problems and enhance their intercultural competences. More efforts
are needed to prevent hate speech and violence against any person,
including against migrants and persons belonging to minorities (this
terminology being understood in accordance with national
legislation). The Council of Europe, relying on the important work
and expertise of ECRI and its other monitoring mechanisms, should
further support member States, upon their request, in developing
appropriate laws, policies and educational programmes as well as
providing training for public authorities and teachers. The
Committee of Ministers is convinced that the resolute promotion of
human rights and attitudes of tolerance and respect for all persons
is the appropriate response to cases of hate speech and violence.
4. The Committee of Ministers also
refers to the Council of Europe’s White Paper on Intercultural
Dialogue which presents diversity as a resource and advocates an
intercultural and intersectoral approach. The Committee of Ministers
encourages member States of the Council of Europe to actively use
the White Paper in their work to promote intercultural dialogue.
5. The Organisation is working in this
direction. For instance, the education sector conducts activities
and programmes intended specifically to develop intercultural
proficiencies and provide quality education for all. It is
appropriate to mention, inter alia, the training of
teachers and teacher trainers under the Pestalozzi Programme, the
activities on behalf of adult migrants’ language education, the
linguistic and educational integration of children with a migrant
background or Roma children, education for democratic citizenship
and human rights in pursuance of the Council of Europe Charter on
these questions (Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)7), the guidelines
concerning intercultural dialogue and the image of the other in
history teaching (Recommendation CM/Rec(2011)6) and the role of
higher education in furthering democratic culture and intercultural
dialogue as well as the Council of Europe’s contribution to
European education policy (Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)6).
6. Other relevant initiatives are
developed in the youth sector, particularly aimed at the social
integration of young migrants, the access of young people living in
culturally diverse urban neighbourhoods to social rights, the combat
of hate speech on the Internet and the competence building of young
Roma (“Roma Youth Action Plan”). In the social cohesion sector,
initiatives are taken to act against the poverty of migrants and
with regard to respect of social rights, the provisions of the
European Social Charter have a crucial bearing. The Committee of
Ministers tasked the Steering Committee for Human Rights (CDDH) to
conduct in the biennium 2012-2013 a study examining the feasibility
and added value of standard-setting work regarding human rights in
culturally diverse societies.
7. The Conference of International
Non-Governmental Organisations (INGO) raised awareness to the report
of the Group of Eminent Persons at its two Civil Society Forums
organised in 2011, the theme of which was “Living together”. The
North-South Centre has also made a contribution to the promotion and
visibility of the Group of Eminent Persons’ report. It was
presented at the 2011 Lisbon Forum (3 4 November 2011), at the
Conference “Women as agents of change in the South Mediterranean
region” (Rome, 24-25 October 2011) and at the 4th Forum of the
Alliance of Civilisations (Doha, 11-13 December 2011). The
North-South Centre is also guided by the report for its activities
in the youth field (chiefly in the context of young people’s
universities and development) and in that of education (particularly
as part of the preparation of the Pan-European Congress on
Global/Development Education dealing with education for world
citizenship).
8. The Convention on Preventing and
Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (CETS No.
210) should be seen as a contribution to achieving greater equality
between women and men and as a means of overcoming some of the
causes and consequences of the marginalisation of women in a
situation of vulnerability.
9. The Council of Europe Development
Bank finances investment projects presented by its member States,
which contribute to the integration of vulnerable populations, aimed
in particular at migrants and Roma.
10. The Council of Europe and the
European Union are running several joint programmes along these
lines, particularly the Intercultural Cities project, the European
Academic Network on Romani Studies, the Programme “Shaping
perceptions and attitudes to realise the diversity advantage”
(SPARDA) and, founded on the results of the Campaign “Speak out
against discrimination”, the MARS programme – Media Against
Racism in Sport – aimed at developing a European network of media
for diversity and intercultural dialogue. Finally, a cultural policy
information system offers data for 43 Council of Europe member
States on their approaches to cultural diversity and intercultural
dialogue.
11. The Committee of Ministers
continued its reflection in the framework of a thematic debate in
June 2012 on the theme “Living together implies having a level of
common competences as regards intercultural and democratic dialogue,
as well as a system of attitudes, behaviour and common values. Can
these be taught?”. Furthermore, in the framework of its
chairmanship of the Committee of Ministers, Albania will organise in
November 2012, in Tirana, a High-level Conference on: “Diversity
in Europe, an asset for the future”; “Promoting intercultural
dialogue – a task for society as a whole in Europe and beyond”
and “The role of education and the contribution of young people
towards promoting mutual understanding, tolerance and better
integration in society”, as important elements of “Living
together”.
22/06/2011 | [print] |
Members participating in the vote on : | Living together in 21st-century Europe: follow-up to the report of the Group of Eminent Persons of the Council of Europe (Doc. 12631) Recommendation |
In favour | 45 |
Against | 8 |
Abstention | 12 |
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Mr Ruhi AÇIKGÖZ
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TR
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Ms Karin ANDERSEN
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Mr Mörður ÁRNASON
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Mr Lokman AYVA
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M. Daniel BACQUELAINE
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Lord Tim BOSWELL
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Ms Karmela CAPARIN
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Mr Mikael CEDERBRATT
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Mr Christopher CHOPE
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Ms Lise CHRISTOFFERSEN
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Mr Michael CONNARTY
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Mr Igor CORMAN
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Ms Daphné DUMERY
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Mr Joseph FALZON
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Mr Gvozden Srecko FLEGO
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Mr Hans FRANKEN
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Mr Erich Georg FRITZ
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Mr Valeriu GHILETCHI
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Ms Sylvi GRAHAM
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Mr Andreas GROSS
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Mme Ana GUTU
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Ms Carina HÄGG
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Mr Mike HANCOCK
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Mr Margus HANSON
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Mr Håkon HAUGLI
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Mr Oliver HEALD
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Mr Andres HERKEL
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Ms Anette HÜBINGER
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Mme Francine JOHN-CALAME
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Mr Jan KAZMIERCZAK
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Mr Haluk KOÇ
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Ms Elvira KOVÁCS
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Mr Tiny KOX
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Mr Ertugrul KUMCUOGLU
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Mr Dariusz LIPINSKI
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M. Philippe MAHOUX
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M. Theo MAISSEN
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Mr Frano MATUŠIC
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Mme Liliane MAURY PASQUIER
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Ms Nursuna MEMECAN
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M. Jean-Claude MIGNON
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Mr Krasimir MINCHEV
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Ms Lilja MÓSESDÓTTIR
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Mr Gebhard NEGELE
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Ms Carina OHLSSON
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Mr Mikael OSCARSSON
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Mr Yüksel ÖZDEN
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Ms Marija PEJCINOVIC-BURIC
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Ms Marijana PETIR
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Ms Marietta de POURBAIX-LUNDIN
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M. Frédéric REISS
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Mr Stefan SCHENNACH
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Mr Yanaki STOILOV
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Mr Christoph STRÄSSER
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Mr Michal STULIGROSZ
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Mr Valeriy SUDARENKOV
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RU
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Mr Björn von SYDOW
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Mr Mehmet TEKELIOGLU
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Lord John E. TOMLINSON
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Mr Latchezar TOSHEV
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Mr Mustafa ÜNAL
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Mr Egidijus VAREIKIS
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Mr Piotr WACH
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Ms Renate WOHLWEND
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Mr Emanuelis ZINGERIS
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